East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation
EAJSTI is a multidisciplinary journal, which publishes original research of relevance to the EAC, covering science, technology and Innovation applications for development. Its goal is to enhance, advance and disseminate scientific, technological and innovative knowledge that supports East African regional development.
EAJSTI requires that, before manuscript acceptance, authors sign a license agreement granting EASTECO exclusive rights to use and authorize the use of their contribution.
Phytochemical profile and acaricidal efficacy of Syzygium cordatum bark extracts against the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi in Tanzania
Tick infestations significantly hinder livestock productivity, especially in small-scale practices across various agro-ecological zones. The primary control method, through application of synthetic acaricides faces challenges such as growing resistance, scarcity, environmental impact, and high costs, particularly for low-income farmers. One of the promising alternatives by livestock keepers is the use of botanical pesticides, derived from herbal plants, in recent times researchers explore these plants for their potential to control tick populations. This study explored the potential of Syzygium cordatum a herbal plant, specifically evaluating its phytochemical profile and the acaricidal effectiveness of hexane, methanol, and water extracts of S. cordatum bark against larval and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi ticks in Tanzania. Extracts were screened for its phytochemical properties by standard laboratory procedures using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry and tested at 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml concentrations using an immersion technique. The bark extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, and phenolic compounds and all extracts achieved nearly 100% mortality at 200mg/ml within 24 hours, except for the negative control. The hexane, methanol, and water extracts caused 100% larval mortality at 25, 50, and 100, and 200 mg/ml concentrations, and adult mortality at 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml concentrations. Hexane extract was the most effective, with an LC50 of approximately 10.23 and 17.38 mg/ml and an LC99 of around 35.48 and 48.92 mg/ml for larvae and adults, respectively. These findings suggest that different extraction solvents selectively capture distinct classes of phytochemicals from S.cordatum barks, potentially offering diverse bioactive compounds for R. evertsi management. Field-based trials are recommended to validate the efficacy of S.cordatum bark extracts under real-world livestock management conditions for tick control.
Syzygium cordatum, Phytochemicals, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Acaricidal activity
Copyright (c) 2025 East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Production and experimental characterization of homogeneous and composite briquettes from fruit processing waste
Growth in agricultural produce processing continues to drive up energy consumption and contributes significantly to climate change. Fruits, in particular, are processed to enhance their market value and extend their shelf life; however, fruit processing generates substantial amounts of organic waste, creating a waste management challenge despite its potential as a renewable energy resource. This study focused on converting orange, mango, and jackfruit waste into briquettes using cassava starch, cornstarch, and clay as binders, all locally available. A manual lever press was employed for compaction to produce both homogeneous and composite briquettes. The briquettes were then evaluated for their physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties at varying binder concentrations. Moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis. Calorific values were determined using bomb calorimetry. Mechanical strength was assessed using compressive strength and drop strength tests, while thermal performance was evaluated through water boiling tests and burning rate measurements. Fixed carbon ranged from 22.87% to 62.06%, ash content from 6.55% to 57.20%, volatile matter from 15.71% to 39.41%, and moisture content from 4.21% to 13.66%. Calorific values ranged from 17.55 to 32.24 MJ/kg. Compressive strength varied from 0.125 to 0.471 N/mm², bulk density from 413.21 to 580.1 kg/m³, and drop strength from 27.74% to 88.84%. The study confirms that jackfruit, orange, and mango waste are viable biomass feedstock for briquette production. Among the binders tested, cassava starch consistently yielded briquettes with superior mechanical and thermal properties, making it the binder of choice for optimizing performance in small-scale briquette production systems.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-OTFS with Advanced Detection Techniques for High-Mobility Wireless Communication
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been the dominant multicarrier transmission technique in wireless communication; however, its susceptibility to inter-carrier interference and Doppler spread limits reliability under high-mobility conditions. Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation, in contrast to conventional time–frequency domain schemes, transforms information symbols into the delay–Doppler (DD) domain via a symplectic finite Fourier transform. This enables the effective exploitation of the channel’s inherent sparsity and enhancing robustness against doubly selective fading effects. Extending this framework, a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)-OTFS system is developed to enhance spatial diversity and throughput in rapidly varying propagation environments. Specifically, this study investigates the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of OTFS under the Extended Vehicular A (EVA) channel model. The results are benchmarked against conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) operating over a Rayleigh fading channel. The scope of the analysis is broadened to encompass MIMO-OTFS systems with 2×2 configuration, an Expectation Propagation (EP)-based detection strategy, and a Deep Learning (DL)-oriented detection framework. The robustness of the MIMO-OTFS system is further substantiated through simulations conducted across diverse mobility conditions, with consistent performance observed even at vehicular velocities reaching 120 km/h. Additionally, this work examines the incorporation of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) into the MIMO-OTFS framework. The MIMO-OTFS-NOMA configuration, particularly for users with favorable channel conditions (near users), exhibits exceptional BER performance. The SE versus SNR curves confirm that DL-aided MIMO-OTFS achieves the best trade-off between reliability and efficiency. Collectively, the results underscore the potential of MIMO-OTFS, as a highly resilient and spectrally efficient solution for next-generation wireless systems operating under severe channel time variability and mobility constraints.
Upgrading graphite quality from Chenjere-Ruangwa ore through froth flotation techniques
Tanzania is endowed with graphite deposits found in Mahenge-Morogoro, Bunyu-Mtwara, Nachu and Chenjere-Ruangwa. In Chenjere, the graphite resource is approximately 500 million metric tons with 7.75% of total graphitic carbon grade (TGC) content. The demand in the global market needs a high-grade graphite of at least 90% TGC content. However, the graphite found in Chenjere is of low grade (7.75%). The present study aims to upgrade Chenjere’s graphite to meet global market standards. To attain this objective, froth flotation was selected as an upgrading method. The sample was collected at Chenjere-Ruangwa, well prepared, and later upgraded through flotation. Flotation experiments were designed using the Box Behnken design, with controlled variables being particle size, collector, and frother concentrations while the TGC was the response. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to assess the relationship between the experimental factors and model response. The results revealed that the graphite from Chenjere can be upgraded to > 90% TGC content under the optimal experimental conditions of -75 µm particle size, 990 g/t kerosene as a collector, and 150 g/t methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) as a frother, hence meeting the required standard. In addition, the total graphitic recovery of 84% was obtained as the maximum recovery. In light of the potential benefits of graphite in advancing industrialization, this study strongly recommends using froth flotation technology to upgrade the graphite ore from Chenjere to meet the global market specifications in terms of quality.
Chenjere-Ruangwa; Graphite quality; Froth-flotation; Total graphitic carbon grade; Upgrading
Copyright (c) 2024 East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among Animals Selected from Slaughterhouses in Mbarara district, Uganda
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered one of the most widespread infectious diseases and a leading cause of death and morbidity in both human and animal populations worldwide. The 2022 WHO global report ranked Uganda as a high burden TB country, with an estimated incidence of 198/100,000. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, a group of seven species of the bacteria including Mycobacterium bovis the cause of bovine-type tuberculosis (bovine TB). Mycobacterium bovis has a wide host range infecting cattle, goats, cats, dogs, buffalo, sheep, humans and wildlife. Slaughterhouses have been reported to be potential focus areas for public health monitoring. The aims of this study were to: 1) determine the effectiveness of slaughterhouses serving as active bio-surveillance centers for bovine TB and 2) determine the prevalence of TB among cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered at selected facilities. The sampling design was purposive, targeting Mbarara, a major cattle-producing district in Uganda. Also, Mbarara was accessible, as most of the country had restricted movement of people and animals due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Blood, lymph nodes and lung tissue samples were obtained from 29 cattle, 17 goats and 10 sheep from three slaughter facilities and tested using gross pathology and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining. The overall prevalence of Bovine TB, based on a positive lymph node or lung, was 8.9%% (5/56) and was higher in goats and sheep than cattle; In lymph nodes specifically, the TB prevalence was 3.4% (1/29) in cattle, 11.8%(2/17) in goats, and 10% (1/10) in sheep, whereas for lung tissue, it was 3.4% (1/29) in cattle and 17.6% (3/17) in goats; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Slaughterhouses could serve as active surveillance centers for important diseases such as bovine TB. However, additional control protocols may be warranted to reduce TB prevalence in the country.
Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Slaughterhouses, Abattoirs
Post-harvest handling practices, moisture content, and aflatoxin levels of cassava from selected hammer milling centers in Uganda
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a staple crop of significant economic and nutritional importance in Uganda. However, it is highly perishable, and root tubers are prone to rapid post-harvest deterioration due to microbial contamination. Poor handling practices such as drying on bare ground and improper storage, often contribute to aflatoxigenic fungi proliferation. Aflatoxins, secondary metabolites of these fungi are linked to liver cancer, immune suppression, and stunted growth in humans and animals. Thus, regular ingestion of aflatoxin-laden foodstuffs including cassava poses a serious public health risk. Despite awareness, aflatoxin monitoring in food matrices remains limited, especially in developing countries. This study assessed post-harvest handling practices, moisture content, and aflatoxin contamination and concentration levels in 120 randomly collected cassava samples from eight regional districts of Uganda. Post-harvest handling data were obtained through structured interviews with cassava processors at randomly selected milling centers. Moisture content was analyzed using the Hot-Air Oven, while aflatoxin contamination was determined through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The Competitive-ELISA technique quantified aflatoxin concentrations. Handling practices included sun-drying on bare ground (9%), floor storage (44%), and 74 % of the mill caretakers having reported processing of moldy cassava for human consumption. Milling center caretakers relied on ineffective traditional methods [biting, touching, and breaking tests] and none reported the use of a moisture meter to assess moisture content. Moisture content ranged from 7.14% to 27.63%. Aflatoxins were detected in 99.2% of samples with regional variations in contamination levels. However, total aflatoxin concentrations remained within acceptable limits (10 ppb by UNBS; 20 ppb by FDA-USA; 15 ppb by FAO/WHO). A weak positive correlation between moisture content and aflatoxin levels was obtained, suggesting contamination may have occurred during drying. Despite regulatory compliance, widespread contamination highlights the need for improved post-harvest practices and continued aflatoxin surveillance in foods to safeguard public health.
Aflatoxins; cassava; ELISA; hammer mill; handling practices; moisture content
Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in apparently healthy beef cattle in Uganda post the 2021 outbreak
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by a picornavirus. There are 7 known serotypes (O, C, A, SAT1, SAT2 and Asia) and more than 60 subtypes of the FMD virus. FMD causes enormous economic losses including reduced animal productivity and restrictions on international trade in animal products. In Uganda, FMD is endemic and caused by mainly O, A, SAT 1, and SAT2 serotypes. The outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movement. These control methods are sometimes not efficient due to lack of regular surveillance. Information on the seroprevalence of FMDV in animal herds post outbreak response is not available to guide policy makers on when to lift quarantine in affected districts. A study was therefore conducted to assess the effectiveness of the 2021 FMD outbreak response in Western Uganda following lifting of the quarantine restrictions. As part of routine herd health checks, blood samples were extracted from sixty-eight apparently healthy beef cattle. Of these, 46 were from Nshaara ranch and 22 from Mbarara city abattoir. The samples were tested for the presence of specific FMDV antibodies using Solid-Phase Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Overall, out of 68 samples, 51 (75%) tested positive for FMDV. Out of 46 samples taken from Nshaara ranch, 43 (93.5%) were positive and out of 22 samples from Mbarara City abattoir 8 (36.4%) were positive. The study revealed a concerningly high seropositivity of apparently health animals to FMDV antibodies possibly due to early lifting of the quarantine, weak enforcement of control measures or lack of incentive and resources to control the disease. Therefore, the Uganda national outbreak preparedness and response unit should move quickly to put in place a coordinated, effective, and functional preparedness and response mechanism whenever there are such disease outbreaks.
Beef cattle, Foot and Mouth Disease; Seroprevalence; Uganda
Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship among practicing veterinarians in Uganda
Appropriate, affordable, and readily available veterinary drugs are an essential component of any animal health service. The availability of certain drugs for companion animals (pets), food animals, and wildlife, along with the practitioners' understanding of their use, is crucial in curbing antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to establish categories of drugs commonly used by veterinarians working with companion animals, food animals, and wildlife in Uganda. A cross-sectional study was done to establish common antimicrobial drugs used by practicing veterinarians in Uganda. Fifty-seven veterinarians were purposively selected to participate in the survey. The veterinarians responded to an online questionnaire distributed by a link to their emails and mobile applications. The questionnaire solicited information regarding their demographic traits, expertise pertaining to antimicrobials, and the types of antimicrobials they frequently utilise. Most of the respondents, 53/57 (93%), were male veterinarians, and 29/57 (50.9%), were mixed animal practitioners. Although they were all involved in some kind of practice, only 18/44 (40.9%) confidently understood antimicrobial stewardship. However, the majority, 38/44 (86.4%), agreed on the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The majority, 26/43 (60.5%) of the veterinarians, were aware of the animal owners’ indiscriminate use of the antibiotic without expert prescription. Penicillins and tetracyclines were the most used antimicrobial drugs. Other antimicrobials often used were cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Field veterinarians need to undergo further training on the current categories of antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial stewardship, and AMR. The Veterinary Formulary should be updated following the WHO list of critically-important-antimicrobials (CIA). The veterinarians should also familiarize themselves with the ‘Essential Veterinary Medicines List for Uganda’.
Companion animals; drugs; food animals; Uganda, veterinarians; wildlife
Environmental Pollution through Multiple Integrated Hazard Sources in their Shared Environment: A Case Study of Muvumba Community, Rwanda
A community-based One Environmental Health Toxicology (OEHT) study is a holistic approach to examine environmental toxicant exposure in vulnerable communities. It is a novel approach evaluating health effects of environmental toxicant exposure on individuals and/or whole communities, in concert with addressing the health of animals, and of the ecosystem. This approach is novel in Africa. This study first identified a vulnerable community in Rwanda and investigated environmental pollutants impacting the health of the community. The objective of the study was to determine environmental contaminants impacting the Muvumba community, a vulnerable agricultural community in Rwanda. The study was conducted in a vulnerable agricultural community with significant pesticide and fertilizer use and linked to the Akagera-Nile water ecosystem. The Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA) campus employing conservation agriculture and One Health (OH) principles was selected as a control site. Environmental water was passively sampled for pesticides and harmful algal blooms. Grab drinking water samples were collected from both sites and analyzed for pesticides, organic contaminants, and heavy metals. Rice from Muvumba was analyzed for pesticides and metallic elements. Environmental water samples from Muvumba river tested positive for three organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, malathion, and profenofos), while imidacloprid was detected in water samples from RICA. Microcystins were not detected in any of the water bodies. Environmental and drinking water samples tested positive for diisononyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and ricinine. Lead and arsenic were detected in rice samples from the Muvumba site. The findings of this community based OEHT indicate a significant public health and environmental concern and are vital in advancing a holistic integrated one-health research approach to safeguard human, animal and ecosystem health and ensure sustainable development in Africa.
Vulnerable community, One Health, Environmental Toxicology, Agricultural runoff, Rwanda, Pesticides, Heavy Metals
Healthy eating, healthy lives: examining sustainable food choices and household reported ailments in Oyo State, Nigeria
This study explored food choices, awareness, and consumption of healthy and sustainable food (HSF), along with the determinants and implications of HSF consumption on reported ailments among households in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 240 households. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze socio-economic and demographic characteristics, food consumption patterns, awareness levels, HSF consumption, and reported ailments. Two Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models were estimated to identify the determinants of HSF consumption and the covariates of reported ailments. Findings revealed that female-headed households had slightly higher HSF awareness (87.5%) than male-headed ones (84.0%), with fewer reported ailments. Higher-income households (>₦200,000/month) consumed less HSF (mean, 0.6249) and reported more ailments (mean, 2.29) than lower-income households (<₦50,000/month), which had higher HSF consumption (mean, 0.8345) and fewer ailments (mean, 1.78). Urban households consumed less HSF (0.6667) and reported more ailments (mean, 1.88) than rural households (0.8312 mean consumption, 1.54 mean ailments). Determinants of HSF consumption included the age of the household head, rural residence, and employment in agriculture, which were all positively related to HSF consumption. On the other hand, a negative relationship was found between HSF consumption and reported ailments (coefficient -1.3331, p = 0.001) and between physical activity and reported ailments. The study concluded that increasing HSF awareness and availability, especially in urban and higher-income households, could improve health outcomes and reduce ailments. It recommended promoting nutrition education and enhancing HSF accessibility to foster better health outcomes.
Healthy and Sustainable Foods; reported ailments; Ordinary Least Squares regression; Oyo State, Nigeria
Network-based modeling of hoof and mouth disease transmission in animals
The connectivity of ranches facilitates the spread of hoof and mouth disease among livestock, even over long distances. This study aimed to investigate the spread of hoof and mouth disease within animal ranch networks and individual ranches using a network-based modelling approach. Two models were developed: the multi-ranch model and the in-ranch model. The multi-ranch model examined how the topology and connectivity of the ranch network influenced the spread of hoof and mouth disease, while the in-ranch compartmental model captured the disease dynamics within individual ranches. The results indicate that the disease can be contained, and the network can remain disease-free as long as the transmission rate is low and the network is not overly dense. In the in-ranch compartmental model, the basic reproduction number was used to gain insights into the vaccination coverage required to maintain a disease-free state within individual ranches, as well as the coverage needed across a larger ranch network. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of understanding both network-level transmission dynamics and within-ranch disease progression to effectively model and manage hoof and mouth disease outbreaks. Furthermore, disease control strategies, such as vaccination, to minimize the spread of the disease, which can lead to declines in the production of milk, meat, manure, and raw materials, ultimately reducing both national and individual income due to livestock loss also investigated and recommended that maintaining a transmission rate below 0.044 and offering sufficient immunization coverage are essential for a multi-ranch to stay resilient against HMD illnesses. For individual ranches and ranch networks, applying a vaccination level below 0.195 is not essential since disease will not vanish, but a level over 0.327 keep both a single ranch and larger ranch community in disease-free state
Hoof and Mouth Disease model; Network; topology; Vaccine
Status of aflatoxins contamination in spices produced in Morogoro, Tanzania
Aflatoxins, the toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi under Aspergillus species in foods, are capable of causing adverse health effects in humans and animals. Information on levels of aflatoxins in spices produced and traded in Tanzania is limited. This study investigated aflatoxins contamination levels in black pepper, cinnamon, cloves and turmeric spices produced and vended in Morogoro district, Tanzania. A total of 120 samples were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and Total aflatoxins using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector. Results showed that 24.2% (n=120) of the samples were contaminated with aflatoxins whereby 11.7% (n=120) had AFB1. Spices from Morogoro rural had significantly high (p=0.002) aflatoxins contamination (16.7%; n=120) compared to those from Morogoro Municipality (7.5%; n=120). In reference to each spice samples, turmeric had no AFBI contamination (0.0%) with lowest Total Aflatoxins (3.3%; n=30) while cloves had the highest contamination with 20% (n=30) and 50.0% (n= 30) for AFB1 and Total aflatoxins, respectively. The lowest detected contamination concentration was 0.201μg/kg in cloves while the highest was 164.86μg/kg in black pepper. The spices; Turmeric (0.0%; 3.3%); Cinnamon (16.7%); (20%); cloves (13.3%; 23.3%) and black pepper (6.7%; 6.7%) (n=30) exceeded Tanzania regulatory limit of 5 µg/kg and 10µg/kg for AFB1 and Total aflatoxins contamination levels, respectively. It is concluded that spices produced and marketed in Morogoro were contaminated with aflatoxins some of them beyond the maximum limit set by Tanzania Bureau of Standards risking the health of spices consumers. Awareness creation to spices traders on aflatoxins contamination and preventive measures need to be considered to safeguard health of spices consumers in Morogoro, Tanzania.
black pepper; cinnamon; cloves; fungi; mycotoxins; turmeric
Fungi, mycotoxins, black pepper, cinnamon, turmeric, cloves
Students' attitudes towards water and sanitation facilities in selected secondary schools in Kanungu and Wakiso Districts during post COVID-19 era in Uganda
Attitudes influence a person’s behavior, decisions and interactions with others. In view of this, a study was undertaken to assess the attitudes of students towards utilization of the available water and sanitation facilities in selected secondary schools within Kanungu and Wakiso districts in Uganda. The study was underpinned by the theory of planned behavior change because attitude influences behavior and school environment can shape students' attitudes towards use of water and sanitation facilities. The objectives were to document the water sources used by students at home, assess students’ attitudes and knowledge of water and sanitation facilities in secondary schools. This study adopted comparative research design with a mixed method approach. A structured questionnaire was administered to 153 students and key informant question guide was used to collect additional information from 10 key informants. Data were subjected to t- test and logistic regression analysis. Results revealed that students who felt comfortable using the schools’ toilets had positive attitudes towards water sources and sanitation facilities. There was significant difference in the attitudes of students’ Kanungu and Wakiso schools towards water and sanitation facilities, safety of tap water used for drinking and provision of soap and hand washing facilities. The main sources of water used in the homes of the students from Kanungu district are unprotected springs while piped water is used mainly by homes in Wakiso district. It is recommended that soap and hand washing facilities should be provided to shape the students’ attitudes and knowledge of water and sanitation facilities as a good hygiene practice.
Attitudes, water, sanitation facilities, secondary schools, Uganda.
Attitudes, water, sanitation facilities, secondary schools, Uganda
Usage patterns of Teachers' Continuous Professional Development Learning Management System in Primary schools in Tanzania
This study aims to understand how primary school teachers in Tanzania use the Teachers' Continuous Professional Development (TCPD) Learning Management System (LMS). There is currently limited information about how effectively the LMS supports teachers' ongoing professional development through structured Communities of Learning. Without clear data on usage patterns, it is difficult to identify barriers to access and measure the success of the LMS in improving teacher training. To fill this knowledge gap, the study examined LMS log data over a period of one year (July 2023–June 2024). It specifically looked at how often teachers logged into the system, which modules they enrolled in, what resources they accessed, and from which regions they logged in. The analysis revealed that usage was highest during key academic periods, such as the start of school terms and exam preparations, suggesting that teachers engage more actively with the LMS during these critical times. Teachers predominantly accessed practical modules, including those related to curriculum guidelines and foundational education training. This indicates that teachers prefer resources directly applicable to their teaching tasks. There was also a noticeable increase in LMS access through mobile devices, highlighting the growing importance of mobile technology in teacher professional development. However, significant challenges remain, such as limited internet connectivity and varying digital literacy levels, particularly in rural areas. These issues create obstacles for equitable LMS usage. The study recommends targeted efforts to enhance internet infrastructure, provide digital literacy training, and improve mobile accessibility. Addressing these challenges can increase the effectiveness of the TCPD LMS, ensuring equitable and widespread professional development support for primary school teachers across Tanzania.
Communities of Learning; Digital Literacy; Educational Outcomes; Educational Technology; Internet Infrastructure; Learning Management System; Teacher Collaboration
Teachers' Continuous Professional Development (TCPD), Learning Management System (LMS)
Community Awareness of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Ngorongoro, Manyara, and Tarangire Conservation Areas
Invasive alien species are a major driver of biodiversity loss, despite global, regional, and domestic efforts to address them. This study aims to assess community awareness and engagement in combating invasive alien plant species in Tanzania, using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 208 respondents. Eight villages around Ngorongoro, Tarangire, and Manyara ecosystems were surveyed using questionnaires to gather information on awareness of Invasive Alien Plant Species presence, affected areas, means of spread, harmful effects, and community involvement. Results show that over 65% of respondents were aware of Invasive Alien Plant Species, with impacts observed on farms and grazing lands. However, there was limited knowledge about specific harmful effects. Community involvement in combating Invasive Alien Plant Species was lacking, with minimal direct engagement from authorities and stakeholders. Control methods primarily involved burning and cutting, while biological and chemical approaches were less favored. The study underscores the need for enhanced community involvement and recommends greater collaboration between stakeholders to effectively manage Invasive Alien Plant Species and mitigate their impacts on ecosystems.
Awareness; Invasive Plant; conservation; Ngorongoro ecosystem
Antibacterial and antifungal Activities of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Wild Edible Mushrooms Found in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
The increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance necessitates search for alternative bioactive compounds against microbes, in particular natural products from plants and mushrooms. A cross-sectional investigation was carried out from November 2023 to March 2024 to investigate the antimicrobial properties of crude ethanolic extracts of wild edible mushrooms in Morogoro Municipality. The crude ethanolic extracts tested were from eight wild edible mushrooms namely Afrocantharellus platyphyllus, Amanita sp, Cantharellus sp, Cantharellus luteopunctatus, Craterellus sp, Lactarius kabansus, Lentinus sp, and Termitomyces sp. The mushroom ethanolic extracts were tested against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 33459) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) using agar well diffusion and tetrazolium microtiter plate bioassay methods. Five of the eight crude ethanolic extracts of mushroom species tested revealed promising antibacterial and antifungal activity. The mean zone of inhibition for extracts of Craterellus sp, Cantharellus sp, C. luteopunctatus, A. platyphyllus, and L. kabansus ranged from 9.70 ± 0.33mm (Mean ± StdDev) to 17.00 ± 0.57 mm. The recorded minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value for these extracts varied from 5.2 ± 1.11 to 266.67 ± 66.70 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans were more susceptible to ethanolic extracts of Craterellus and Cantharellus sp. None of the extracts demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the growth of B. subtilis. This study indicates that some wild edible mushrooms from the Morogoro Municipality exhibit potential antimicrobial effects against both bacterial and fungal species. Therefore, additional research is advised to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds and to evaluate their efficacy and toxicity in animal models to confirm their antibacterial and antifungal properties.
antimicrobials, wild edible mushrooms, antimicrobial resistance, ethanolic extract, Morogoro
antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial, crude ethanolic extract., wild edible mushrooms
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Brucella infection in commercial cattle farms in the Lake Zone of Tanzania
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease among livestock and humans worldwide and in Low-and-Middle Countries (LMICs) including Tanzania. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that could influence seroprevalence of brucellosis in commercial cattle farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 54 commercial cattle farms randomly selected in Kagera, Mara, and Mwanza regions of the Lake Zone in Tanzania. Serum samples were collected from 1,080 cattle comprising both dairy and beef animals of both sexes and tested for Brucella-specific antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). Positive samples were confirmed by using competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Animals in each farm were randomly selected for blood collection whereby a total number of 20 adult animals from both sexes were involved in the study. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression analysis were conducted to assess the risk factors associated with brucellosis.The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 6.9% at the animal level and 51.9% at the farm level. Medium scale farms Odds ratio (OR = 11.304; Confidence Interval 95% CI 1.140 – 112.108;) and small - scale farms (OR = 37.170; 95% CI 1.119 – 1235.006) demonstrated a significantly higher likelihood of seropositivity to brucellosis than large - scale farms. Dairy cattle farms were less likely to be seropositive (OR = 0.046; 95% CI 0.003 – 0.728;) than beef cattle farms. The findings from the present study indicated that more than half of the farms are positive for Brucella antibodies. The study also revealed that the scale of production and functional type of cattle increase the risk of seropositivity. The findings provide baseline information for the development of targeted intervention programme in the control of brucellosis.
Phenotypic Characteristics of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) Accessions Compared Between Water Stressed and Non-Stressed Seedling Phases to Determine Stress Tolerant Accessions in Semi-arid Conditions
Drought poses a severe threat to agriculture, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the effects of climate change are most noticeable. There are few crop’ species that are able to resist drought stress. Despite the fact that Lablab is a multipurpose crop with high potential on drought tolerance, little research has been conducted to evaluate the crop's early responses to the drought stress in arid and semi-arid conditions. This study therefore aimed to identify stress-tolerant Lablab accessions by analyzing their phenotypic seedling traits under different moisture regimes (MR) in semi-arid conditions. In the study, seventeen potential accessions were subjected to the water stressed (S/ST) and non-stressed (NS) experiments in screen-house after germination. Two checks were considered in the experiments. Throughout the three repeated experiments, data collection involved several morpho-physiological traits including plant height, root length, shoot and root biomass, and relative water content (RWC), monitored every two days since withdrawal of water to the experiment. Seed weight (SW) was measured in triplicate before the beginning of the experiment. The Bartlett's and Levene's tests demonstrated (p > 0.05) normal distribution of the data. Using Gen-Stat and R software, ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests (p ≤ 0.05) were performed to examine the differences between the accessions across the seedling traits, days and MR. The findings revealed the significant difference (p < 0.05) in the traits in relation to the accessions, MR, and their interactions. Variation of the accessions on different traits as compared between the ST and NS experiments at day 7 was also proven significant. Through the ranking method, D349, D352, D363, D359, D147, HA4 and D348 were selected as the best drought tolerant (DT) accessions at seedling stage recommended for further assessment towards releasing the DT-high yield varieties potential in semi-arid conditions such as the central zone of Tanzania.
Dolichos Lablab; Drought tolerance; Water stress; Morpho-physiological traits, Seedling stage
The efficacy of management practices in combating mangrove forest degradation: A case study from Pangani District-Tanzania
Mangrove degradation management poses a global challenge, particularly in developing countries. In Tanzania, various local government institutions (LGIs) have been established to address mangrove forest degradation. The study assesses the role of local government Institutions (LGIs) in managing mangrove forest degradation in Pangani-Tanga, and the challenges they encounter in improving their efficacy. Data were collected through structured interviews with 358 households, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with key informants. The study identifies the key LGIs involved in mangrove management at the district and village levels, such as the District Environmental Office, District Forestry Office, Fisheries Office, and Beach Management Units (BMUs). These institutions have made strides in enhancing mangrove management through different practices such as education, training, and restoration activities. In general, these practices were moderately practiced. However, it still varied in some study sites, for instance issuing permits for cutting mangroves in Kumba was low by 30.3% compared to Bweni and Mkwajuni. Furthermore, the mangrove condition varies in Pangani, with the condition worsening in Kumba village at 32.4% compared to Mkwajuni at 47.3% possibly due to urbanization and over-dependence. But across the three villages, the mangrove condition is moderate by 53.5 %. The study also notes significant challenges LGI faces, including limited funding, high demand for mangrove products like charcoal, and conflicting interests among stakeholders. The study concludes that LGIs have contributed moderately to improvement in mangrove conditions, but ongoing challenges limit their effectiveness. The study recommends community-led initiatives, alternative livelihood options, and strict law enforcement to strengthen long-term mangrove conservation and reduce overdependence on mangrove resources.
: Local government institutions; Management practices; Mangrove forest degradation; Mangrove forest; Pangani coast-Tanga
Status of brucellosis in a dairy cattle herd with history of abortion in Morogoro District, Tanzania
Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella bacteria, is a zoonotic disease with major public health and economic impacts, including decreased milk production and reproductive losses such as abortion. It can spread through milk consumption, posing health risks to humans. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Brucella infection in a dairy herd with a history of abortions and the risk practices associated with bovine brucellosis. A cross-sectional study, conducted from January to March 2024, investigated a dairy herd of 36 cattle, with 47.22% (17/36) identified as adult cows. Milk, blood, and serum samples were collected. Cattle over six months old (n=31) were tested for brucellosis using both the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and competitive ELISA (c-ELISA), with both tests performed on the same samples. Brucella DNA was detected using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) targeting the IS711 insertion sequence. Specific genes, BruAB_0168 and BMEII0466, were amplified to identify Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, respectively. Cohen’s Kappa statistic was used to assess the level of agreement between RBPT and c-ELISA results. A focus group discussion used to assess potential risk practices associated with brucellosis focusing on abortion history, handling and disposal of aborted materials, management of aborting and sick cows, contact with other livestock and wildlife, routine health monitoring, and biosecurity practices. As the study targeted a single farm, potential risk practices were evaluated qualitatively rather than statistically. Serological testing revealed Brucella exposure in the herd, with 41.94% (13/31) testing positive using the RBPT and 74.19% (23/31) testing positive using c-ELISA. qPCR identified Brucella DNA in three out of 36 serum samples, with one sample specifically confirmed as Brucella abortus. These findings confirm Brucella infection in the herd. A comprehensive reproductive health strategy and ongoing monitoring are needed to improve herd health and reduce economic losses.
Abortion, Bovine brucellosis, Brucella spp., Zoonosis
Influence of rare Earth doping and modifier oxides on optical and thermoluminescence properties of tellurite glasses for radiation dosimetry applications
Glasses with the composition ZnF₂-MO-TeO₂:Ln₂O₃ (where M represents Zn, Cd, and Pb, and Ln represents Pr, Eu, Ho, and Er) were prepared using the melt-quench-anneal method. Absorption spectra were recorded for both undoped and rare-earth doped glasses. Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6) were determined from the spectra of the rare-earth doped glasses. The Ω2 values were observed to be higher in ZnO-modified glasses and lower in PbO-modified glasses, indicating more asymmetric and covalent environments for Ln³⁺ ions in ZnO-modified glasses. Among the modified series, Ho³⁺ doped glasses showed lower values of Ω4 and Ω6, which is attributed to their significantly lower vibrational frequencies. Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of X-ray irradiated pure and Ln³⁺-doped tellurite-modified glasses were studied in the temperature range of 297-473 K. Undoped glasses containing zinc, cadmium, and lead oxides exhibited single TL peaks at 423 K, 389 K, and 376 K, respectively. No additional peaks were observed upon rare-earth ion doping; however, the existing glow peak temperatures gradually shifted towards higher temperatures with an increase in the intensity of the TL light output. Among the rare-earth doped glasses, the TL light output was found to be maximum in Ho³⁺ containing any modifier. The observed TL results were discussed in light of J-O intensity parameters, showing that Ω4 and Ω6 are more critical than Ω2 in optimizing the thermoluminescence properties of rare-earth-doped tellurite glasses. The trap depth parameters associated with the observed TL peaks were evaluated using Chen's formulae. These parameters suggest the potential applicability of Ho³⁺ ions doped glasses in radiation dosimetry applications.
Judd-Ofelt parameters; Modifier effect; Radiation dosimetry; Rare-earth ions; TeO2 glasses; Thermoluminescence
Waste glass powder as a partial replacement of binder in improving the performance of cemented paste backfill
This study investigates the potential of Waste Glass Powder (WGP) as a sustainable replacement material in Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) for metal mining operations. The primary objective is to explore WGP's capacity to reduce operational costs and environmental impacts associated with CPB, particularly by addressing the significant cement consumption that drives up costs. The research focuses on evaluating WGP as a cost-effective binder, examining its effects when partially replacing cement in CPB with three average particle sizes: 75 µm, 90 µm, and 125 µm. Laboratory tests were conducted on CPB samples incorporating varying WGP dosages of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of cement. The performance of these samples was assessed through a series of tests, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), moisture content analysis, rheology testing, and mechanical testing. These tests aimed to evaluate the influence of WGP particle size on pozzolanic activity, compressive strength, and overall stability of the CPB. The results demonstrate that partial replacement of cement with WGP can significantly enhance CPB performance. Notably, the particle size of WGP plays a significant role in influencing pozzolanic activity, compressive strength, and mitigating expansion due to alkali-silica reactions (ASR). XRF analysis revealed a high silica content of approximately 76.4% in the WGP, further supporting its reactivity. For instance, at a 10% WGP dosage with a particle size of 125 µm and a curing age of 28 days, the compressive strength of CPB samples increased by an average of 13.8% compared to the reference sample. These findings highlight WGP's potential as a sustainable and cost-effective binder material for CPB in mining operations.
Cemented Paste Backfill; Waste Glass; Waste Glass Powder; Calcium Silicate Hydrate; Compressive Strength; Silica Content
Phytochemical screening of fadogia ancylantha using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization (gc-esi-qqq-ms/ms)
Ethnobotanical plants contain phytochemicals with antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. One of the ethnobotanical plants used by traditional healers in Tanzania to boost the immune system, tone muscles, and strengthen bones is Fadogia ancylantha, commonly known as "Makoni tea bush" in English. This study aimed to identify Fadogia ancylantha's phytochemicals in leaves, stems, and root barks. Phytochemicals were extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solvents. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Library (NIST) were used to determine phytochemicals' chemical composition and identity, respectively. Twenty-eight phytochemicals were identified from the leaves, 38 from the stem, and 30 from the roots. The order of number of compounds identified was found to be methanol solvent>DCM solvent >hexane solvent in all samples (leaves, stems, and roots). The screening of phytochemicals revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and plant sterols. These compounds were reported to have anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results show that Fadogia ancylantha is a rich source of phytochemicals with diverse biological activities.
Antiviral; Fadogia ancylantha; GC-MS/MS; Phytochemicals; Traditional medicine
Development of a digital spring-based weight sensor for monitoring beehive weight
The major problem facing apiculture due to climate change and unpredictable honey harvesting seasons is low honey yield. The main cause of low honey harvests is uncertain harvesting, particularly when beekeepers delay harvesting honey or disturb the hive to determine when it is ripe to harvest. Beehive weight is monitored in modern apiculture to evaluate the bee colony's health and the honey's status, helping beekeepers harvest at the optimum time. However, in low-income communities where many beekeepers reside, strain gauge load cell-equipped smart beehives performing this purpose are out of reach due to their high cost which is 85,000 Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per unit. This study developed and evaluated a cost-effective (50,000 TZS per unit) and dependable solution, the Digital Spring-Based (DSB) weight sensor which can serve remote hive weight monitoring at a minimal cost compared to a strain gauge weight sensor. DSB weight sensor was devised by spring weight scale, a microcontroller, fixed resistors, and a sliding potentiometer (variable resistor). They underwent rigorous evaluation and demonstrated a quantitation range from 4 to 24 kg in the calibration graph with a linearity having adjusted R-square of 0.997 then tested to beehives and capable of monitoring the beehive weights. In the beginning, the hive weight was 7 kg and reached 21 kg when filled with ripe honey which is ready for harvest. These evaluated metrics are useful in validating the performance of DSB weight sensors in beehive weight monitoring as a key parameter to gauge honey harvesting time. Moreover, the developed DSB weight sensor seamlessly connects with communication modules, facilitating effortless remote weight monitoring.
Apiculture technology; Beehive’s weight monitoring; Digital weight sensor; Hive management; Spring-based weight sensor
First-principles investigations into the characteristic properties of corundum samples from the Arusha region
Understanding the characteristic properties of corundum gemstone is essential for its use in gemstone treatment, as well as in various other industries. Corundum samples obtained from the Arusha mining region were analyzed for crystallographic data using XRD analysis. This crystallographic data is then utilized to construct the crystal structure of the samples in the Biovia Materials Studio modeling and simulation software. The electronic, optical, and elastic properties of the selected sample are explored using the plane wave approach within the framework of the first-principles density functional theory (DFT), implying the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) code with Generalized Gradient Approximations and the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional. For the calculations, a sampling mesh of 6×6×2 k-points, with the cut-off energy of 600 eV, and the total energy convergence within 1.0 x 10-5 eV/atom is used. The band gap determined is 6.13 eV at the gamma point which is in concurrence with the previous values from the literature. The polarized optical properties of the structure were studied and visualized by plotting their directional dependencies. The reflectivity spectra exhibited isotropic behavior in the ultraviolet range with a maximum peak at 52.24 nm along [001], [010], and [100] directions. Also, the absorption peak is observed around 65.59 nm along [001], [010], and [100] directions. Pugh’s ratio suggests that the sample is deemed brittle with a ratio of 0.65 as G/B > 0.5. The calculated Poisson’s ratio is 0.23 indicating the dominant covalent bond. The results indicate that the investigated sample is a suitable insulator, brittle, and displays isotropic optical reflectivity.
First-Principles studies; Corundum; Band gap; Polarized; Anisotropic Reflectivity; Elasticity
Stock price prediction: a comparative analysis of classical and quantum neural networks
Stock price prediction is one of the fast-growing fields, in developing countries like Tanzania it has a significant impact on investments in the public sector, private, and individual investors. The traditional prediction methods under statistical and econometric techniques cannot handle non-stationary financial time series stock data and produce accurate results. Hence, machine learning techniques are used for stock price prediction for this complex problem relying on past stock prices. This study utilizes a Long Short Term Memory neural network designed with a dropout layer, which reduces data's overfitting and diffusion gradient by Rectifier Linear Unit activation. Further, a Multiple Linear Regression network with more hidden layers for additional tuning of weights for better prediction and a Variational Quantum Neural Network utilizing PennyLane and Quantum Dense libraries to run quantum circuits for prediction are considered. The results of performance predictors like the coefficient of determination, the mean square error, the mean absolute error, and the mean absolute percentage error are compared to identify the best neural network for low stock price prediction on the National Microfinance Bank and the Cooperation Rural Development Bank data of Tanzania.
Classical neural network; Financial time series data; Machine learning; Stock price prediction; Variational quantum neural network
Theoretical investigation on co-sensitization of natural dyes for dye sensitized solar cells (dsscs) applications
This study reports the effect of co-sensitization of four dye molecules of 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one, 2-phenylchromen-4-one, betalains, and 2-descarboxy-betanidin from Senna singueana leaves, Begonia malabarica leaves, Bougainvillea glabra bract, and Celosia cristata flowers, respectively, for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. Co-sensitization was done by designing new dyes (D1, D2, and D3) by attaching molecules M2, M3, and M4 to molecule (M1). Moreover, the optimized molecular structures of the individuals and newly designed dyes were investigated through density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations by using the GAUSSIAN 09 software package. The results on newly designed dyes as sensitizers on DSSC showed a reduction in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap compared to the individual dyes. The newly co-sensitized dye molecules (D1, D2, and D3) were reported to have energy gap (E_g) of 2.29, 2.73, and 1.91 eV, respectively, which was very small compared to individual molecules (M1, M2, M3, and M4) with an energy gap of 2.88, 2.70, 3.12, and 2.34 eV respectively. Additionally, the maximum absorption spectra were extended up to 849.55 nm for newly dye D3 compared with 683.96 nm for the individual dye M4. Furthermore, the highest light harvesting efficiency (LHE) was changed from 0.5829 for individual dye (M1) up to 0.9582 for newly dye (D3). Thus, the energy band gap 〖(E〗g), the light harvesting efficiency (LHE), and absorption spectra of the newly designed dyes were enhanced compared to individual dyes. However, among the newly designed dyes, D3 showed the best properties compared to D1 and D2 for dye-sensitized solar cell applications.
Co-sensitization; DFT method; Dye-sensitized solar cells; Energy gap; HOMO; LUMO and TD-DFT method
Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Mfyome Talc-Bearing Rocks from Usagaran Belt, Tanzania: Implication for Industrial Applications
The Mfyome talc-bearing rocks occurrence is found in the Konse Group of the Paleoproterozoic Usagaran Belt. Despite its known occurrence, the mineralogical, geochemical, and physical properties have not been studied to ascertain its potential for industrial applications. This study, therefore, investigated the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of talc-bearing rocks in the Mfyome area to determine industrial suitability. Integration of fieldwork, petrographic studies, X-ray diffraction, and geochemical (XRF and ICP-MS) analyses were employed to comprehensively characterize them. Mineralogical studies reveal talc (average 57.5%) is the dominant mineral phase and it is associated with quartz, feldspar, muscovite, sericite, calcite and opaque minerals. This diverse range of mineral associations suggests that the protolith of the talc-bearing rocks is of sedimentary origin, particularly dolomitic carbonate rocks. The geochemical analysis indicates that the talc-bearing rocks are characterized by high SiO2 (52.93%) and MgO (36.59%) contents, with low Fe2O3 (1.15%), Al2O3 (3.12%), and CaO (0.26%). Notably, the low concentrations of Ni (40.83ppm), Co (16.74ppm), and Cr (16ppm) further support the sedimentary provenance of the talc-bearing rocks, as these trace elements are typically enriched in talc deposits of ultramafic origin. Based on the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, the talc-bearing resources are suitable for use in the manufacturing of low-loss electron ceramics, paper, plastic, and roofing and the talc-bearing rocks of “talc + chlorite” assemblages are suitable for the paint industry. It requires appropriate beneficiation to be suitable for the rubber and textiles industries. Further, its composition doesn’t meet the necessary criteria as a raw material for wall and floor tiles, electrical insulation ceramics, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and refractory industries. This study provided valuable insights into the geology and industrial potential of the talc-bearing resources in the Mfyome area, which contribute to the sustainable development of the mining and manufacturing sectors in Tanzania
Geochemistry; Industrial applications; Konse Group Talc-bearing rocks; Mfyome; Mineralogy; Usagaran belt
Predation dynamics: hunting tactics, impact, and control strategies of indian house crows on local chicken in Dodoma district, Tanzania
Predation is one of the major challenges threatening chicken farmers, hindering the livelihood potentials in the poultry sector. We employed a cross-sectional design to assess the economic burden and strategies for overcoming predation by Indian House Crows (IHC) among farmers of indigenous chickens in Dodoma City, Tanzania. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 26, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The mean flock size was 24±5 chickens, kept mainly under a free-range system. Depredation of chickens by IHC was high (210 chickens, 35.8%) during the dry season, with chicks being largely affected (461 individuals, 78.7%) compared to other age groups. Factors influencing depredation included the free-range system, young age of chickens, diseases, the dry season, and large flock sizes. Farmers perceived chicken depredation by IHC as a burden that impoverished their livelihood efforts. The main prevention measures against IHC predation were locking chickens up and chasing and shouting at crows. This study recommends further research on effective mechanisms to control IHC in the district and other areas with high crow populations to ensure the sustainability of chicken production and the poultry sector at large.
Chicken management systems; Local chickens breeds; Scavenging; White meat
Home range size and survival probability of two major rodents (Rhabdomys dilectus and Lophuromys aquilus) on slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Home range and survival are important parameters influencing abundance and distribution of rodent species. Therefore, understanding the factors affecting them is crucial for conservation and management of the species. This study was aimed to determine home range size and survival probabilities of two dominant rodent species (Lophuromys aquilus and Rhabdomys dilectus) found in western slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Trapping was done in moorland and fallow habitats across both dry and wet seasons, using Sherman live traps in four CMR grids. Home range size of Rhabdomys dilectus was influenced by habitat type. It was significantly higher in moorland than in fallow habitat. Whereas, home range size of Lophuromys aquilus was influenced by the variations in habitat, season and sex. It was significantly higher in moorland than in fallow. Also, male L. aquilus had larger home range size than females but the difference was not significant. Moreover, there were significant differences in survival of the two species and sex. Survival of L. aquilus was higher than that of R. dilectus indicating that L. aquilus could be more adapted to live on Mt. Kilimanjaro than R. dilectus. This was evident from its lower capture probability compared to R. dilectus. Low capture probability indicates trap shy behavior which could serve as a mechanism of predator avoidance. Furthermore, for both species female’s survival was higher than that of males. This was probably due to that females spend most of their time inside the nest during breeding season, hence reduces the risk to encounter predators. The study concludes that, species type, sex, habitat type and quality influence home range size and survival probability of rodents, which are attributed to variations in resources availability, mating behavior and reproductive fitness. Therefore, rodent conservation and management interventions should be species and sex specific taking other factors into consideration.
Capture probability; Home range; Lophuromys aquilus; Reproductive fitness; Rhabdomys dilectus; Survival